Safe navigation in Finland’s waterways has been ensured by adequate visual marking and targeted radio navigation services.
To aid the vessels’ radar navigation, radar reflectors and/or racons have often been installed in traditional aids to navigation. VTS Finland provides a DGNSS service according to international standards to aid satellite navigation.
DGNSS service
VTS Finland provides a correction data service to aid satellite navigation in the coastal waters and in the Saimaa deep channel. The frequency of the correction transmissions is 300 kHz. The service follows recommendation ITU-R M.823-3. By combining the positioning data of the GPS satellite and the correction data provided by the service, vessels can determine their position with great accuracy and reliability.
The signal received from the GPS navigation satellites does not provide real time data about the accuracy (integrity information) of the transmissions. That is why it is still absolutely necessary to use correction data in merchant shipping.
The accuracy of the positioning data has been specified at <10 m 95 % of the time. In practice the accuracy is in the range of 1-2 metres 95% of the time.
DGPS Stations in Finland
Transmitting Station ID | Reference Station ID | Position | Coverage (km) | Frequency (kHz) | Bitrate (bit/s) |
| Mäntyluoto (401) | 601 | 61°36’N 021°28’E | 250 | 287.5 | 100 |
| Puumala (402) | 602 | 61°24’N 028°14’E | 70 | 290.0 | 100 |
| Outokumpu (403) | 603 | 62°41’N 029°01’E | 70 | 304.5 | 100 |
| Turku (404) | 604 | 60°26’N 022°13’E | 200 | 301.5 | 100 |
| Marjaniemi (405) | 605 | 65°02’N 024°34’E | 250 | 314.5 | 100 |
| Klamila (406) | 606 | 60°30’N 027°26’E | 250 | 287.0 | 100 |
| Haarajoki (407) | 607 | 60°31’N 025°10’E | 250 | 292.5 | 100 |
| Kokkola (408) | 608 | 63°52’E 023°11’E | 250 | 290.5 | 100 |
Radar reflector
Thousands of radar reflectors have been installed along our waterways to aid radar navigation. These are constructed so as to give an especially good radar echo. Radar reflectors are passive devices, which do not require regular overhaul or energy sources and are therefore very reliable. Occasionally echoes caused by ice masses or bad weather can impair the registering of the response by a radar reflector or some other radar target.
Racons
A racon is a combination of a radio transmitter and a receiver, which when it has received the radar signal of the vessel, determines its frequency and responds with a signal on the same frequency with a special ID signal, which puts an easily recognisable image on the radar display.
The ID of the most widely used racons is the morse character T, composed of one long dash, but other IDs based on the morse code are also used. All racons used in Finland transmit a response on frequency 9 GHz (3 cm) and the majority also on 3 GHz (10 cm) to the radar signal.
The racons are active devices requiring regular overhaul and an energy source, whereby they are more vulnerable to malfunctions than radar reflectors. Occasionally echoes caused by ice masses or bad weather can impair the registering of the response by a racon or some other radar target.
The Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency is responsible for the radar reflectors and racons.